World civilizations in eighteenth century Term Paper

World civilizations in eighteenth century - Term Paper Example Therefore the workforce required for agriculture decreased and this led to a migration of this workforce to the field of industry, which in turn led to the industrial revolution. Before the industrial revolution, goods were manufactured using basic hand tools or machines in homes. The introduction of powered machinery that could mass produce goods in factories, led to the need for new markets for these goods, as well as new means of transportation to carry them. Mechanization of the textile industry coupled with improved techniques for making iron, and the invention of the steam engine, that revolutionized the transport system, in turn led to improved systems of trade and finance. Engines and machines that could do away with the physical labor of man, besides cutting down the time taken to accomplish it was a blessing indeed! Britain was the first to begin mechanized spinning and weaving because she was blessed with the moist weather conditions that helped in this industry. Besides, the fast moving streams supplied hydropower for these mills. As the economy moved from manual to machine based manufacturing, the manufacturing time was slashed and new markets were needed for these goods. The mechanization of spinning was followed in quick succession by the development of techniques for making iron. The introduction of the steam engine was the final triumph that revolutionized the transport system and increased the use of refined coal to power these steam engines. Britain being an island nation, her ports enabled her to trade in these goods and at this time Britain indeed ruled the waves. The efforts of British entrepreneurs were rewarded due to the fact that they had a large and ready market for their goods. Growing trade and commerce in... This paper shows that the thinkers wanted to bring about changes in society through the promotion of education and scientific thinking. In some European countries, a system of government called â€Å"Enlightened Despotism† came into being. Later, we are shown the need to feed the growing population, which led to a transformation in agricultural systems like improved machinery, scientific methods of breeding and introduction of new crops and crop rotation. Throughout the paper, we are given more and more information on the introduction of powered machinery that could mass produce goods in factories, led to the need for new markets for these goods, as well as new means of transportation to carry them. This paper also focuses on trade. Trade systems were dominated by those who held sway over the seas, and expansion of trade depended on the acquisition of colonies and the superiority of naval power. Swiftly from trade, the paper talks about the banking. For example, the Bank of En gland that worked as a government bank as well as a commercial operation, led to the setting up of a number of private banks throughout the country. In conclusion, we see that this industrial revolution transformed the lives of people in every stratum of British, European and American society. Building on the ideas of enlightenment of thinkers such as Voltaire and Rousseau, the eighteenth century saw the overthrow of despotic rule through the American and French revolutions and sowed the seeds of many more such upheavals in the centuries that followed.

Human Resources Management and Training Essay Example for Free

Human Resources Management and Training Essay A writing audit contains some basic rundown of key sources, yet it, for the most part, has a hierarchical example and joins both outline and mix, regularly inside particular reasonable sorts. A synopsis is an audit of the fundamental data of the source, however, a union is an improvement, or a rebuild, of that data in a way that illuminates how you are wanting to examine an exploration issue. The systematic highlights of a writing audit may: †¢ Give another clarification of old material or blend of new with old understandings, †¢ Trace the subjective improvement of the field, including principle talks about, †¢ Based on the circumstance, asses the sources and guide the peruser on the most reasonable or pertinent, or †¢ Usually, in the consummation of a writing survey, distinguish where defects exist in how an issue has been looked into to date. The reason for a writing survey is to: †¢ Place each work in the encompassing of its presentation to the comprehension of the exploration issue being considered, †¢ Describe the association of each work to the others under survey, †¢ Identify better approaches to clarify, and shed light on any defects in past research, †¢ Solving issues among as far as anyone knows nullification of past examinations, †¢ Point the path in dealing with a requirement for additional examination, and †¢ Discover your own particular discoveries inside the setting of existing writing. The writing survey which was utilized: †¢ Methodological Survey : This approach gives a structure of comprehension at various levels (i.e. those of hypothesis, substantive fields, investigate methodologies and information accumulation and examination strategies), empowers specialists to draw on a wide variety of understanding going from the applied level to useful archives for use in hands on work in the zones of ontological and epistemological thought, quantitative and subjective reconciliation, testing, talking with, information gathering and information examination, and helps feature numerous moral issues which we ought to know about and consider as we experience our examination. †¢ Argumentative Audit This shape analyzes writing specifically so as to help or disprove a contention, profoundly embedded figure, or philosophical blemishes effectively settled in the writing. The design is to build up a group of writing that sets up a contrarian perspective. Given the esteem loaded nature of some sociology inquire about [e.g., instructive change; migration control], contentious ways to deal with dissecting the writing can be honest to goodness and essential type of talk. Nonetheless, take note of that they can likewise present issues of predisposition when they are utilized to make rundown cases of the sort found inefficient surveys. †¢ Theoretical Audit The target of this frame is to inspect the corpus of the hypothesis that has aggregated with respect to an issue, idea, hypothesis, wonders. The hypothetical writing audit help builds up what speculations as of now exist, the connections between them, to what degree the current speculations have been explored, and to grow new theories to be tried. Regularly this shape is utilized to help set up an absence of suitable speculations or uncover that momentum hypotheses are insufficient for clarifying new or developing examination issues. The unit of examination can concentrate on a hypothetical idea or an entire hypothesis or structure.

Optimism Essay

Optimism Essay Man often becomes what he believes himself to be. If I keep on saying to myself that I cannot do a certain thing, it is possible that I may end by really becoming incapable of doing it. On the contrary, if I have to believe that I can do it, I shall surely acquire the capacity to do it even if I may not have it at the beginning Mahatma Gandhi. What does this statement mean? It actually means that you are what you believe you are. This statement can be applied to optimism that thinking more positive can lead you to be happier and healthier. But what is optimism? And is that true that optimism can make you feel happy and healthy? Well, optimism or positive thinking is the word means best which comes from Latin word optimus. Optimism also describes how optimists are always looking for the best in every situation and hoping and expecting and seeing that things will turn out well in the future. Even if some bad situation occurs, they will look at that situation as the experience. The experience which helps them not to do the same mistake over again. And yes! It is true that optimism can make you feel happier and healthier. There is the study of Martin Seligma supporting the idea that optimists are happier and healthier by showing that they tend to take care of their health, to build better social network and to face the difficu lty without any worries. I have said so much about the definition and some research, so now lets take a look at the benefits of it. There are so many advantages of being optimist and the majority advantage is about health. How can optimism make your health healthier? I have an answer for you! According to the study of Seligma, it showed that 99 Harvard University Students who were optimist at age 25 were significantly healthier at age of 45 to 60 than those who were pessimists once. The second advantage is the persistence- the persistence of your life. Because optimists do not give up easily on tough situation like pessimists do, so they tend to turn the failure to opportunity to achieve their goals. Once they know that they do something wrong, they will learn from that and they will not let that happen again. The last one is less stress. As you may know that stress can affect your daily lifestyle, your health, your disposition, and your efficiency. On the other word, stress is bad for yourself. Well being optimist may help you get through all that stuffs because optimists believe in themselves and their abilitie s, they expect good things to happen. They see negative events as minor setbacks which is easily to overcome. They see positive events as evidence of further good things to come. It is shown that optimists are more proactive with stress management and work harder at it, so that is why they are less stress than pessimists. Now you all know about the benefits of optimism, so lets move on to some famous optimist Dalai Lama to give you some guideline about being optimist person. Dalai Lama is the spiritual leader of the Tibetan people who believes that mental, physical, and spiritual health are connected to optimistic attitude. How? He has said that when some disastrous situation happens, the most important thing is how you look at that problem. Negative? Or positive? If you look at it as negative, then when the negative emotions are fully developed, you will become their slave, and you will have bad attitude toward every situation. If you look at it as positive, it means that there is still hope in that disastrous situation. If you look at it as positive , then you will cheer yourself up not to give up, not to fear, to move on, to fight, to feel good. Thus there is still hope in every situation only if you look at it as the positive or as experience or as lesson to guide you to a better future. From Dalai Lamas teaching, he actually indicates clearly that if you have positive mind or thinking, your life will be easier to move on. Now I am going to tell you some ideas of how to be optimist yourself. Being optimist is not hard to do at all. Also the result of it is the treasure in your life. The very first thing you have to know about being optimist is that being optimist does not mean ignoring the problem, but it means hoping that things will change to be a better one in the future. So here are some ideas for you to follow. First idea is to find opportunity in every difficulty. What does it mean? It means that what you are dealing with might be difficult, but it is important to remain hopeful and positive about a brighter in that difficulty. Second idea is to surround yourself with positive people because the circumstances matter! If youre surrounded by negative people, there is a highly chance of you to be negative people. So being surrounded by positive people is much more make sense to increase your chance of being positive. Third idea is to inspire yourself with smile and positive reminders. If expect worst, the worst will happen. But if you smile, you will feel so much better. So what you have to do is just put smile on your face more often and that will make you happy! Also you may need to remind yourself that you are positive by noting some quote that cheer you up like anything is possible or I always have a choice. It really helps! The last one is to focus on the present and reject the past. You have to learn to face and to live with the present moment. The present moment that you are in right now. The moment present that is guaranteed you. And that is all I have to talk about the being optimist. Being optimist is giving you a huge amount of advantage in terms of being happier, being healthier, having less stress or reducing the tendency of getting some dangerous disease. Furthermore, being optimist is not that hard to do. You do not have to force yourself to do it all, just try to do it as best as you can, and you will see the result of it. So I hope you all might be thinking about being optimist in order to have better life, better attitude toward everything by taking those ideas that I told you about. Thank you. Nonie

Review of William Cooks Francis of Assisi :: essays research papers

In his book, Francis of Assisi, William R. Cook seeks to provide a better understanding of St. Francis of Assisi as an individual rather than in conjunction with the order he founded. Cook divides the book into six sections, each section concentrating on an important aspect or experience in Francis= life and spirituality. The six sections focus on his conversion; his relationship to the created world; the creation of the Christmas crib at Greccio; the role of learning; the relationship between the active and contemplative life; and his stigmatization at LaVerna in 1224.(pg. 18) In order to provide a general understanding I believe that these six sections can be narrowed down into three major themes that Cook sets forth; full surrender to God, a balance between world and self through an understanding of God=s will, and the importance of experiencing scripture over studying it. To support these themes Cook utilizes a number of reliable resources, both written and visual. In looking at the first and last of Cook=s six sections, Francis= conversion and his stigmatization at LaVerna, the theme of a full surrender to God can be seen. For a clearer understanding of Francis= conversion a brief look at his history is important. Francis was the son of a rich business man. In his youth, he spent time drinking with his friends and lived an entertaining life thanks to the pocket of his father. He dreamed, as did many of the teenage boys of his time, of becoming a soldier. It was seen as the glamorous life of heroes, who fought for their country as well as won the favor of beautiful women. What more could a boy want? So Francis headed off to war. Unfortunately his image of the glories of war was soon shattered. He was taken as a prisoner of war by Perugia, Assisi=s warring neighbor. After his release, Francis became very ill. For a boy of Francis= age, the sights of battle and prison are sobering experiences. Disillusioned with his previously held beliefs, Francis began to change his thinking. The things that formerly brought him happiness no longer did and Francis saw a need for a change in his life. This need brought him to the foot of the throne of Christ. So, it can be seen that for Francis, conversion was a complete turn around from life as he knew it. He soon decided that he needed to give his whole life to Christ and in doing so give up the life he once knew.

How Does Caffeine Affect the Heart Rate of the Daphnia

My results and the graph indicate that as you add the caffeine to the daphnia, the eart rate of the daphnia increases for example the daphnia's heartbeat is 120 without caffeine, however when caffeine is added it is increased to 168. My graph shows a positive correlation and the error bars are also very small which shows that the results have a small range which suggests that my results are accurate and reliable. I think that the experiment was conducted well however there may be some ethical issues surrounding the fact that daphnias are also living species.Therefore, by using daphnias in these experiments may cause a risk for them as there would be little quantities of the species left. This would also affect other living organisms that feed on daphnias for their dietary needs therefore in the experiment we diluted the caffeine solution with distilled water to prevent the daphnia from dying and afterwards, we could put them back in their natural habitats. On the other hand, by doing this experiments it could potentially help us in the future.Also, another problem is that I may have miscounted the daphnias heartbeat due to human errors. However, as I repeated the experiment 3 times, it ensures me that the data is quite accurate. However, if I was to do the experiment again I would do more repeats to make sure the results are reliable and there would be less chance of human error. Also, I would use different concentrations of caffeine to get more accurate comparisons and to see how different concentrations may affect the daphnias heartbeat also. Overall, I think that my results are precise and distinct.

Free Essays on Declaration of the Rights of the Child

Declaration of the Rights of the Child, G.A. res. 1386 (XIV), 14 U.N. GAOR Supp. (No. 16) at 19, U.N. Doc. A/4354 (1959). PREAMBLE Whereas the peoples of the United Nations have, in the Charter, reaffirmed their faith in fundamental human rights and in the dignity and worth of the human person, and have determined to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom, Whereas the United Nations has, in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, proclaimed that everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth therein, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status, Whereas the child, by reason of his physical and mental immaturity, needs special safeguards and care, including appropriate legal protection, before as well as after birth, Whereas the need for such special safeguards has been stated in the Geneva Declaration of the Rights of the Child of 1924, and recognized in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and in the statutes of specialized agencies and international organizations concerned with the welfare of children, Whereas mankind owes to the child the best it has to give, Now therefore, The General Assembly Proclaims this Declaration of the Rights of the Child to the end that he may have a happy childhood and enjoy for his own good and for the good of society the rights and freedoms herein set forth, and calls upon parents, upon men and women as individuals, and upon voluntary organizations, local authorities and national Governments to recognize these rights and strive for their observance by legislative and other measures progressively taken in accordance with the following principles: Principle I The child shall enjoy all the rights set forth in this Declaration. Every child, without any exception whatsoever, shall be entitled to these rights, witho... Free Essays on Declaration of the Rights of the Child Free Essays on Declaration of the Rights of the Child Declaration of the Rights of the Child, G.A. res. 1386 (XIV), 14 U.N. GAOR Supp. (No. 16) at 19, U.N. Doc. A/4354 (1959). PREAMBLE Whereas the peoples of the United Nations have, in the Charter, reaffirmed their faith in fundamental human rights and in the dignity and worth of the human person, and have determined to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom, Whereas the United Nations has, in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, proclaimed that everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth therein, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status, Whereas the child, by reason of his physical and mental immaturity, needs special safeguards and care, including appropriate legal protection, before as well as after birth, Whereas the need for such special safeguards has been stated in the Geneva Declaration of the Rights of the Child of 1924, and recognized in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and in the statutes of specialized agencies and international organizations concerned with the welfare of children, Whereas mankind owes to the child the best it has to give, Now therefore, The General Assembly Proclaims this Declaration of the Rights of the Child to the end that he may have a happy childhood and enjoy for his own good and for the good of society the rights and freedoms herein set forth, and calls upon parents, upon men and women as individuals, and upon voluntary organizations, local authorities and national Governments to recognize these rights and strive for their observance by legislative and other measures progressively taken in accordance with the following principles: Principle I The child shall enjoy all the rights set forth in this Declaration. Every child, without any exception whatsoever, shall be entitled to these rights, witho...

How to Live with 15300$

How to Live with 15300$ Introduction Family income is a particular sum of money the whole family gets annually. The salaries, income from deposits and other stable and regular incomes are really important for the family as depending on this information many families plan their costs.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on How to Live with 15300$ specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Having the information about the annual income of the family and the list of the obligatory costs, it is possible to calculate the expenses of the family, the cloths they can buy and the number of entertaining places they can visit. Moreover, the food and other unexpected costs should be considered. However, it seems rather difficult for the family to pay attention to unexpected expenses and to plan them if the family income is too low. Additionally, there are a number of notions which should be considered while discussion of the family budget. The Consumer Price Index is t he notion which should not be avoided as it is the measure which points at the obligatory items people are to be able to buy on the salaries and income they have. Family and Living Conditions The situation is the follows. The family consists of a father, a mother, and two kids, a 10 years old girl, and a 4 years old boy. The family lives in the personal house which is not that small as children do not have to share the rooms and have their personal ones. The family income comprises 15300$ annually, which is about $1275 monthly. The task is to consider the budget of the family, and calculate their costs on the basis of the fact that these people are to live in the house, buy food and clothes and provide other expenses obligatory for an average American citizen. Consumer basket The consumer basket is the number of categories which account the items necessary for living. There are about 200 categories which are gathered into eight great groups.Advertising Looking for essay on b usiness economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thus, food and beverages, housing, apparel, transportation, medical care, recreation, education and communication, other goods and services are the items which are to be involved in calculation. Thus, using this pattern as the basis for creating the budget for a family, the following data should be considered. Things necessary for living As it has already been mentioned, the family is to be able to buy the items mentioned in the consumer basket. Here is the detailed description for each of the major categories. Food and beverages are important for the family, however, paying attention to their low income, this category should be presented with breakfast cereal with milk, coffee or tea, chicken (another type of meat may be too costly for the family), wine, and full service meals which are comprised of a great many of different vegetables and other products. Much attention sh ould be paid to the prices in this category. The cereals may cost about $22.08, different breakfast bars and other snacks about $2-3 per item. This may be enough for a week or two. Milk will cost the family about $90 a week (1 pack costs $30, which is for two-three days). The process are presented as the sample how the average annual cost of the life was calculated for the family. The prices for most of the products may vary greatly depending on the season and on the place where the products are to be bought. This category also covers eggs, fruits, fats and oils, alcoholic beverages, meat, etc. The general expenses on this category are to be much greater, however the family cannot allow to pay more than $500 as in this case they will no have an opportunity to pay for other services. The price means that the family is unable to eat meat every day, eggs and fresh mils appears on the table also rarely. Tasty and expensive fruits, candies, and other sweets are not eaten too often.Advert ising We will write a custom essay sample on How to Live with 15300$ specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Housing is another parameter which is to be paid. Thus, this category covers the expenses on the house. Being the personal house, the family is just to pay the rent and other services such as gas, water, light. The owners equivalent rent or bedroom furniture are not considered. However, the family may spend some extra money of repairing or new objects which are too important. The average cost of the items may be about $200 a month. Apparel is the third parameter in the family budget. Having too low income, the family cannot allow to buy cloths too often, the one or two items per person a month. If the cloths are not necessary right now, the family has to save this money of more expensive cloths of shoes. To the point, this category covers men’s, boys’, girl’s and women’s apparel along with footwear. About $100 is the cost for this category. Transportation is an inevitable part of the family. The family is unable to buy a new vehicle, however, they are to spend money on gasoline and motor vehicle insurance which s not cheap. The costs depend on the distances the members of the family have to ride every day. Paying attention to the fact that the family is poor and cannot allow to drive too much, their costs on gasoline are minimal. Medical care is an important aspect. People are to buy prescription drugs and medical supplies if they are ill, physicians services are also to be paid along with the hospital services. Paying attention to the fact that the family cannot allow substantial nutrition with all the necessary vitamins and minerals, they are more subjected to getting sick that increases the costs on medication.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, it is presupposes that people will not be sick each month, the average sum of the medical costs should be about $100 monthly (as all the calculations are based on the average month income considered from the annual one). Recreation services are important however, the family does not have an opportunity to but toys, have pets and pay for television annually. Therefore, the family has to enjoy the free TV and the toys and entertainments they already have. However, the family members can allow to have a rest once a year if the cost of the vocation is not too high. The family can allow to spend about $2000 annually. Education and communication are important as children are to study. However, it increases costs as the family has to spend money of books, copybooks, cloths and other items which are obligatory and cannot be avoided. Moreover, the computer services are also important as having no opportunity to have the computer at home, school children are to pay for those services to be able to hand in the printed papers and submit the works on time. Other goods and services such as the services of the haircuts and other expenses are to be considered annually due to the low income of the family these services are not too often used. The extra costs of the family are also to be covered. The household troubles, funerals, costs devoted to unexpected loss of working opportunities, different presents for birthdays and personal birthdays of the family members are to be considered. It is hard to predict the sum of money on these events as in most cases family with such low income celebrate only too important dates. Arguments Thus, having considered the family income and the costs it has to endure, it should be stated that the family is to pay obligatory $900 annually without considering the medical services, education and extra costs which are obligatory. Conclusion In conclusion, it should be stated that he family is very poor and cannot allow many particular thin gs. Children are to wear the clothes of their older brothers or sisters, they are unable to attend different entertaining facilities, they cannot eat too tasty and delicious meals as they cannot afford them due to high prices and low income. The absence of the appropriate nutrition increases the risk of infection that raises the family expenses and puts them at risk of loosing a feeder of the family for a period of the illness. It is essential for the family to increase the income as the living on 15300$ annually is too hard, children do not get appropriate education, they are limited in many opportunities and as a result they may get worse education than others do. How to live with 15300$ Introduction With the rising hard economy of this twenty first century, everyone has to know how to budget for the little annual income that they earn. This is extremely necessary in order to cater for the needs of families.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on How to live with 15300$ specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A budget is a financial document used to project future income and expenses. The budgeting process helps individuals involved estimate if they go on with the operation according to the income that they earn or not. This paper is discussing a family budgeting. Requirements of a good budget It is necessary for one to know the actual income before planning the budget. For one to be able to make a successful budget there are a number of features to consider; categories that fit one’s personal situation and spending habits only, and income expectations, which are right. One should reflect how he or she spen ds money so as to cut down costs where necessary and the budget should entail costs that are not on a monthly basis. These are a few of requirements that this family of four can consider. This family where the annual earning is 15300 dollars is living in a low social economic life. This is because it is estimated that poverty lies among citizens who earn 10000 dollars annually. This family is slightly above the poverty line. Therefore, it should not go for the most costly expenses. Housing This family should go for a house that has a minimum of three bedrooms. This is due to reason that the ten year old girl and the four year old boy will not share bedrooms. The house should also be located in an area occupied by middle class people. This is where the family can get an affordable three bedroom house. Also, commodities in the locality are available at fair prices. This family should also look for a house that is not far from their places of work. The house location ought to be near s ocial amenities like hospitals and schools. Due to their earning, this family ought to live in a house worth 3,240 dollars annually to avoid spending more than their income.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Buying clothes Clothes are also basic, thus this family can budget to purchase both second hand clothes and the brand new ones. In accordance to their annual income, they should spend approximately 4,800$ per year. While budgeting for the children’s clothes, these parents should consider the size of the clothes. They ought to purchase clothes that are not very fitting. This ensures that the children wear the clothes for a long period of time. Also, they should buy clothes that are of good quality. This helps them avoid buying clothes frequently due to wearing out. In addition, they can sort out their clothes to get the one that have outgrown their children and theirs that are not in use. Instead of disposing them, they can sell them as second hand clothes. This will earn them some income that can help them meet their family needs. Such income can also be used in case of emergencies like sicknesses. Education The children in this family require education at different levels due to their age differences. The parents should look for schools located near the middle class people. This is because the schools are affordable according to their annual income. The parents should look for a school that charges fees of approximately 1,260 dollars for the four year old boy. For the ten year old girl the fees should amount to around 2370 dollars. This means that the total cost for school fees in this family per year will be 3630 dollars. The children should be taken to one school. This has very many advantages. One, the school fees, is paid at the same time and place. Secondly, these brother and sister go to school at the same time. Hence, they sa ve time for parents to attend to other chores. Also, when purchasing the uniform, parents are able to cut the cost. This is because the four year old boy can wear the pullovers and socks that have outgrown the ten year old girl. In addition to the advantages, the boy uses the text books and revision books that were used by the older girl. This ensures that the parents purchase textbooks only once that is, for the ten year old girl. Parents are able to cut down the cost of the school fees. Since the school is located near the family’s home, parents are able to take lunch to their children instead of including it in the school fees. Moreover, the transport fee is low since the school is not far from their home.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on How to live with 15300$ specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In education, the father and mother of these children should remember to insure their children’s future edu cation. This includes high school and higher learning institutions. Since this is done annually, the parents dedicate a certain amount of money from their salary. Transportation The family should always look for the cheapest means of transport as they move from one location to another. They can use the railway transport since it is the cheapest across the world. To help cut down transportation cost, the family should always walk to places that are not far. For instance, they should walk to the nearest market centers. They ought to worship at the nearest places. The annual transportation cost for the parents should be approximately 500 dollars. This applies if they work at a distance where they cannot walk. A decent house location also helps in cutting down the cost of transportation. Therefore, during budgeting, this family should consider the house nearness to social amenities. When health facilities, schools, together with others are near, the family will use little money on trans port. Healthcare Health is one of the most fundamental requirements in a family. Healthcare involves a number of activities. For instance, eating a balanced diet, regular check- ups, and living in a clean home environment. To boost healthcare in the family, a family should be located in an area where they can access it easily. This family’s home should be near a hospital. This is because children fall sick often; hence they should be rushed to hospital fast. To keep the environment clean, this family must spend some funds. For example they spend money when buying treated mosquito nets, purchasing detergents, tools for trimming flowerbeds and bushes, and hiring a gardener. The family should also have a thorough weekly general cleaning. This includes cleaning all the bedding, clothes, and the whole house. If the family maintains this high standard of cleanliness, it reduces the chances of them falling sick. This reduces the cost of treatment because they will not visit the hosp ital regularly. This family should budget for health care at an amount of approximately 2,973 dollars annually.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The family should make sure that every member is insured against health care. This helps them receive the best health care no matter the price of medicine prescribed. Apart from other basic needs in this family, there are other requirements that are not expected. Therefore, it is necessary for them to save some money for such emergencies. This helps the family avoid borrowing money now and then when such cases arise. Thus, they can open a bank account to save the remaining amount of their annual income which is 119 dollars. Conclusion This family of four ought to put apart some time to plan on how to budget on their earnings. This helps them spend wisely so that they can meet all their basic needs. This plan will also ensure that there is a balance in the allocation of funds, in all their basic requirements. This will also help the family relieve the burden of thinking on how to spend their earnings every time they are paid. Good budgeting also helps the family live peacefully. This is because there are no issues of drug abuse like alcoholism which result to quarrels in the family. Budgeting is, therefore, a peace contributing factor in families. In addition, proper budgeting helps is reducing the chances of poverty due to poor spending of income earning. Therefore, budgeting is highly essential to all families and especially to a family that earns an annual income of 15300 dollars. This is all that is necessary for proper budgeting.

Pulse Width Modulation Final Year Project Essays

Pulse Width Modulation Final Year Project Essays Pulse Width Modulation Final Year Project Paper Pulse Width Modulation Final Year Project Paper Chapter 1 Introduction 1. 0 Background Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) is a type of devices that can be used as a DC motor speed controller or light dimmer. PWM is used extensively for speed controller where power-saving application is needed. This device has been used as a motor speed control for small DC fans, for example in computer power supplies. A PWM circuits works by creating a square wave with a variable on-to-off ratio, the average on time may be varied from 0 to 100 duty cycle. The term duty cycle describes the proportion of on time to the regular interval or period of time; a low duty cycle corresponds to low power, because the power is off for most of the time. Duty cycle is expressed in percent, 100% being fully on. From this, a variable amount of power is transferred to the load. The main advantage of PWM is that power loss in the switching devices is very low. When the switch is off there is practically no current, and when it is on, there is almost no voltage drop across the switch. Power loss, being the product of voltage and current, is thus in both cases close to zero. PWM also works well with digital controls, which, because of their on/off nature, can easily set the needed duty cycle. Additional advantage of PWM is that the pulses reach the full supply voltage and will produce more torque in a motor by being able to overcome the internal motor resistance easily. 1. 1 Objectives The objectives of this project are: 1. To develop the actual circuit of the PWM. 2. To simulate the PWM circuit in simulation software. 3. To use the PWM in order to control the speed of the DC motor. 1. 2 Methodology Start Title consideration, ideas Supervisor approval Components specifications and data sheets Proposal Drafting Proposal Evaluation Project Simulation Project Presentation Progress Report Submission END Figure 1. 2. 1 Flowchart of Methodology 1. 3 Gantt Chart 1. 3. 1 Final Year Project 1 | WEEKS| ACTIVITY| 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| 6| 7| 8| 9| 10| 11| 12| 13| 14| 1| Student-supervisor-panel allocation, briefing about FYP, introductions| Â  | Â  | | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | 2| Student-supervisor meeting arrange time, finding ideas discuss ideas, project titles| Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | 3| Student-supervisor regular meeting| Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | 4| Proposal preparation| Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | 5| Proposal evaluation, meet supervisor for evaluation, things to be improved| Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | 6| Proposal correction correct any mistakes| Â  | Â  | | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | 7| Project Development choose circuit, check availability simulation| Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | 8| Proposal and progress presentation| Â  | Â  | | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | 9| Progress report writing is based on progress| Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | 10| Progress report submission submit report| Â  | Â  | | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | 1. 3. 2 Final Year Project 2 Week| 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| 6| 7| 8| 9| 10| 11| 12| 13| 14| Tasks| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Buy Components | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | | | | | | | | | | | Construct circuiton breadboard | | | Â  | Â  | Â  | | | | | | | | | | Troubleshoot| | | Â  | Â  | Â  | | Â  | Â  | | | | | | | PCB Layout Design| | | | | | Â  | | | Â  | | | | | | PCB Layout Print| | | | | | | | | | Â  | Â  | | | | Soldering| | | | | | Â  | Â  | Â  | | | | | | | Final Report| | | | | | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Â  | Final Presentation| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 1. 3. 2. 1 Aims for Final Year Project 2 1. Prepare the actual circuit diagram 2. Building and programming the PCB circuit diagram 3. Drilling the PCB and soldering the components 4. Testing the PWM circuit 5. Troubleshoot 1. 3. 2. 2 Project planning for Final Year Project 2 For the final year project 2, we have to prepare the actual circuit based on our simulation result. We will create the PCB artwork with PCB programming such as ExpressPCB, which is available for free and is surprisingly functional. Next, we have to print out the PCB artwork on a transparency. Then we cut out the printed portion of the artwork. This will define the size and shape of the PCB. To make PCBs, we can use the UV exposure method, which is only slightly more difficult than and significantly more precise than the toner transfer method. To start out, we must cut the PCB to be the same size as the outline of the PCB positive. First, we drew a rectangle the same dimensions of the PCB on the protective layer of UV Reactive copper covered ibreglass board, and then cut it out using a Dremel tool equipped with a diamond wheel. We have to make sure that once we have removed the board from its protective package it will not be exposed to any UV. Fluorescent and halogen lights both output enough UV light that they will expose the board through the protective layer of plastic. Next, after we cut the UV sensitive PCB to size, we are ready to expose the board. Then we remove the protective layer to size, from the PCB right before we place the positive on it, or else dust particles will attach to the board, which will mark the final PCB. To expose the PCB, first remove the protective layer, place the positive transparency on top of the board, and place it in the UV exposure box. An exposure time of 10-11 minutes is recommended. Now we need to drill holes in the PCB for the through-hole components. Finally, we have to solder all the components through-hole components. If the final result is not achieved when testing the final circuit, we have to run troubleshooting and find out the problem. Then, we solved the problem based on the troubleshooting after we identify the real problem. Chapter 2 Circuit Design and Operation 2. 1 Schematic diagram Figure 2. 1. 1 Schematic Diagram of Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) To Control DC Motor Speed. 2. 2 Circuit operation 2. 2. 1 Flow Chart and Description Input Signal DC wave) ? IC NE556 Output Signal (Square wave) LM311 Comparator Potentiometer ? IC NE556 Output Signal (Modulated Square wave) IRF 521 DC Motor Figure 2. 2. 1. 1 Circuit Operation Flowchart The input signal is fed into first half of IC NE556. The IC NE556 will generate square wave. The wave will then go to the second half of IC NE556 and been modulated. Potentiometer will control the second half IC to produce the desired output. A modulated square will be generated from the second IC. This wave of current will be amplified by IRF521 and then went to the motor and spin it. The DC motor speed will depends on the magnitude of the current. Chapter 3 Project Progress 3. 0 The Project Progress and the Project Outcomes The first stage of the progress is building the circuit for the Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) circuit. Then, the best circuit diagram is chosen for our project. A preliminary literature review about our circuit had also been done. In this project, two of the LM556, Dual 556 Timer TTL IC were used to simulate the PWM circuit. The first IC allowed the possibility to generate square wave while the second IC allow modulation variation. Other than that, several problems were encountered when simulating some part of the circuit. This is due to incomplete library component of the simulation software such as the lack of LM556 IC in the first place. This was because the wrong type of licence of the software was selected. After a few trials and some changes of the circuit diagram for simulation, and with the right licence for the software, the PWM circuit was successfully simulated. Figure 1. 1 Expected DC square wave (output) Results Input Signal of 1st half of IC NE556 Output Signal of 2nd half of IC NE556 Calculation from theory: Thigh= 0. 7(RA+RC)C Thigh= 0. 7(1M+1K) (0. 05Â µ) = 0. 035s/35ms Tlow= 0. 7 RB C Tlow= 0. 7 (1K) (0. 05Â µ) = 3. 510-5s/ 0. 035 ms Values from simulation: Thigh= 38ms Tlow= 42 Â µs/ 0. 042 m Input Signal of 2nd half of IC NE556 Output Signal of 2nd half IC NE556 (A=0%, B=0%) (A=0%, B=10%) (A=0%, B=50%) (A=0% B=100%) Calculation from theory: Thigh= 1. 1 RA C Rated Current From Simulation (A=0%, B=0%)I=45. 842mA(A=0%, B=10%)I=132. 953mA (A=0%, B=50%)I=406. 541mA(A=0% B=100%)I=4. 121A Table of Motor Speed Slow| Speed| Fast| 0%| Value of Potentiometer B| 100%| 0. 2077ms| T high (ON time)| 7. l79ms| 132. 95mA| Rated Current| 4. 121A| 12V| Rated Voltage (Constant)| 12V| Since voltage is constant, the higher the current supplied, the faster the motor would spin. Chapter 4 4. 0 The Problems Encountered CASE 1 – FINDING SUITABLE SIMULATION SOFTWARE The PWM circuit uses two of LM556 IC. The first LM556 will convert DC input signal into square wave. Before doi ng the hardware of the project, the software need to be simulated first to check whether the circuit diagram is correct or need some adjustment. Because of this, finding the suitable simulation software had become a problem encounter to finish the project. List below show example name of other simulation software that can be used to run any the software simulation for the project; 1. TINA 2. OrCAD Capture 3. PROTEUS All of the other simulation software above can be use to run the simulation for this project but some of them were not suitable. As an example the TINA software were not used because of the unfamiliarity and the complexity of the software. The project also cannot be simulated using the OrCAD Capture since there were a large number of library which does not have simulation installed. This make it unsuitable since this project required to be simulated. Meanwhile PROTEUS software was not used because of the difficult interface that complicate the user or in other words not user-friendly. CASE 2 – WRONG LICENCE OF SIMULATION SOFTWARE After MULTISIM had been installed, a situation was encountered where the library components are not complete or some of the components are not available. If this problem prolonged, the circuit cannot be designed in the software. Some measures had been taken to find the solution but the problems still persist. There are some types of licence that accompanied for MULTISIM, which are: 1Power PRO Edition 2Full Edition 3Student Edition 4Education PKG Edition 5Base Edition At first, the Full Edition licence was installed. When the circuit was being designed, a lot of components were unavailable. Every aspect of the software was checked, but no problem related to the software was detected. The MULTISIM software was cleanly installed in the computer. . 1 Solutions for Every Problem CASE 1 SOLUTION – USE MULTISIM SOFTWARE The simulation can be done by using simulation programmed like TINA, Proteus, or OrCAD Capture. Unfortunately, all of these simulation programmed mentioned above have problems as explained before. Without a proper simulation, it is hard to detect any problems that exist in the design of the circuit. Finally, MULTISIM i s chosen as the simulation program. MULTISIM was suitable for simulation of the Pulse Width Modulation circuit. MULTISIM has all the required components in its component library. Hence, all the components can be place in the circuit to complete it. Simulation can be done easily by using MULTISIM. All the results being cleared by using this programmed. Expected results are the PWM wave which will control the motor. CASE 2 SOLUTION – WRONG LICENCE OF SIMULATION SOFTWARE This problem was easily encountered by reinstalling licence of the right type. In this case, PowerPro Edition licence type was required. After it has been reinstalled, all the components are unlocked. Hence, the process of designing the circuit in the simulation software continued, and simulation process succeed. Chapter 5 Conclusion For this semester, the project progress was successful until the simulation. Hence, the simulation needs to be done correctly according to the circuit so that expected result can be obtained. The circuit diagram for PWM to Control DC Motor Speed has been successfully designed. Thus, the first objective has been achieved. The progress of the project works efficiently if the project followed accordingly to the Gantt chart made at the beginning of the project. The Gantt chart contains all the important steps that need to be followed in rder to finish the project successfully. All the steps in the Gantt chart been mentioned with respective date. Hence, there should be no problem during Final Year Project 1 when all works were being done according directly to the Gantt chart. The simulation for PWM to Control DC Motor Speed had been done by using simulation program, MULTISIM. MULTISIM provides all the necessary components to complete the simulation for the PWM circuit . Since the output should be a DC motor or a DC fan, it was replaced with Oscilloscope or Multimeter to observe the changes that occur in the simulation. This shows that choosing MULTISIM is the smart choice to run the simulation because of the advantages and the ease of use that this simulation program has. REFERENCES 1. Motor Speed Controller, retrieved from http://homepages. which. net/~paul. hills/SpeedControl/SpeedControllersBody. html 2. 4QD-TEC: Electronics Circuits Reference Archive : PWM speed control, retrieved from 4qdtec. com/pwm-01. html 3. PWM Motor Speed Controller / DC Light Dimmer, retrieved from solorb. com/elect/solarcirc/pwm1/ 4. PWM DC Motor Controller, retrieved from http://picprojects. org. uk/projects/ppc/index. htm

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International Marketing of Tata Nano Electric Car into Japan - PowerPoint Presentation Example This report also raises some questions that need to be answered prior to launching Tata Nano in Pakistan. These include whether it would be beneficial to retain the current positioning strategy of Tata of the worlds most economical car in a country like Pakistan where the psychology of the target market is very brand oriented. Likewise, will Tata Nano be able to match prices currently being provided by the current manufacturers' after adding up the custom duty and other expenses Will Tata be able to launch a CNG variant of the nano to suit the needs of the Pakistani market in a better way This report aims to give a detailed insight and provides recommendations as to how to achieve success. Moreover, the plan consists of first launching the product in a test marketing campaign and after success only, a full fledged marketing plan is proposed. Tata Nano is a star product of the Tata group.It was one of the most talked about cars at the Detroit1 show and instigated a debate on how well it would be received in the international markets. With the target of manufacturing more than 1 million cars every year, it can be expected that Tata would be eyeing foreign markets. There is no business market as lucrative as Pakistan for the neighboring Indian Companies, for the reasons of cost saving due to proximity, relatively similar environmental and economic conditions and same language making operations easier. Product Launch -Tata Nano The target market of Tata Nano is the middle class of Pakistan with the income range: PKR 25000 lower middle class PKR 50000 middle-middle class and PKR 75000 and above (upper Middle Class) Niche Marketing or Mass Marketing We propose to launch Tata Nano in Pakistan. Initially we would proceed with a test launch and if the product picks up in the local market we may opt for either starting manufacturing in Pakistan or having offices and having agents and dealers take care of the sales of this region. So even though we will be targeting the masses but initially it would be a small scale launch due to tough competitive situation. Present Market Situation Since the year 2001, Pakistan's military regime under president Musharraf vowed to bring about economic reforms. This new growth strategy was stimulated by the easier credit policies of Banking Sector and for a decade car financing was made very easy. This led to a very high road & traffic density, and manufacturers like Pak Suzuki claim to manufacture a 100,000 vehicles in the year 2007 COMPETITOR ANALYSIS Pak Suzuki is the single most preferred brand of locally manufactured cars and suits the lower middle and middle -middle class income groups. Their most popular brands are Suzuki Mehran & Suzuki Alto VXR Chevrolet, Cherry QQ, Adam Revo (locally manufactured), Nisan March, Toyota Duet also have occupied their own niches in this market. PRESENT MARKET SCENARIO According to Pakistan & Gulf economist, Even in these tough market conditions, July 2008, the total sales of cars was 7,418 units Last year, in the same period a record 12,438 units were sold. Sale & Production Statistics according to Pakistan Automobile Manufacturers Association http://www.pama.org.pk/productionjuly2004.htm Market Share Calculated on Cumulative Sales for

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Ecologies and Environments United States - Essay Example According to ecologists’ studies, the Rocky Mountains, despite having a snow cover, do have diverse biotic zones that start from tops and extend to the lowlands and plains (U.S. Census Bureau, 2012). The biotic zones usually serve as essential habitats for numerous animals and plants, for instance, Tundra in Rocky Mountains of Colorado. The wildlife available in the Rocky Mountains encompasses elk, mule, pronghorns, black bears, coyotes and grizzly bears. In addition, owing to the fact the U.S. seashores at both the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, the near states usually experience varying climate patterns compared to those of the interior regions (EPA, 2012). In addition, U.S like other industrial states has also experienced the increased predicament of obnoxious gas emissions from its chemical industries. However, as compared to the previous years the emissions have decreased because of the awareness the environmental authorities have created among the citizens to deal with the problem of global warming. For instance, the carbon monoxide emissions dropped from 114,465 in 2000 to 77,685 in 2008 despite minor fluctuations witnessed in between the years (U.S. Census Bureau, 2012). The forest cover occupies approximately one third of the total U.S.’ land; it provides habitats for numerous wild animals, not to mention other organisms. Forests have also benefited the society through the provision of clean water, reaction sites (camping and touring) and absorbing excess CO2, especially that generated by different industries (Rahm, 2010). Presently, the U.S. is experiencing habitat range rifts where numerous species are relocating to the Northern colder latitudes, for example, boreal forests, which are almost replacing Tundra vegetation. (Christiansen, Markstrom & Hay, 2011). This has led to negative impacts on numerous species’ habitats and wildlife that rely solely on Tundra ecosystem like snowy owl, for example. The reason can be found in the fact that temperatures are constantly increasing, especially in the central regions, which have yielded to the extinction of some animal species like American Pika etc (U.S. Census Bureau, 2012). List the specific factors that distinguish your local ecology and environment. 1. Range shifts - species are relocating to the Northern colder regions due to global warming and unpredictable climatic conditions. 2. Food web interruption due to the increasing rate of range shifts. 3. Precipitation, which has led to the increasing of the oceans’ water levels. 4. Forest cover, though it occupies the third of the U.S total land. 5. Rocky Mountains characterized by diverse biotic zones. Discuss how human activities have affected your local ecosystems Mining in US has become a serious threat to both the ecosystem and human life despite diverse state’s environmental agencies implementing strict rules and regulations to control it (Withington, 2012). The main threat lies in the release of obnoxious gases straight into the atmosphere and discharging of heavy metals into the water masses, which affects aquatic life (UGCRP, 2009). These heavy metals include cyanide, lead and mercury, which not only affect aquatic

How do movies or television influence peoples behavior use reasons and Essay

How do movies or television influence peoples behavior use reasons and specific examples to support you answer - Essay Example The first thing to note is that both television and movies happen to be aa great medium through which artists talents are demonstrated throughout the world. Through TVs people receive world news. It is a source of entertainment too. Individuals get relaxed when they take time to watch films. Children as ell learn from TV as they watch certain channels such as fox history, discovery among others. These are just but a few of positive benefits of television ad movies that positively affect the behaviors of people (Mariam, 2013). On the other hand, most children take more time to watch television as compared to time spent on outdoor sports. Such behavior is unhealthy and results to diseases such as eyesight problems, obesity as well other diseases. Surveys have shown that those children who spent most of their time watching TV do not do well in class. They become addicted to watching TV and prefer watching programs over doing their school homework. This is more common today now especially that most children have in their own bedrooms, their TV sets. Most people think that if there is no bad content showing in the TV then there is no need to stop the kid from watching TV. This makes children love TV and become lazy in class. It is the idea of many people that movies as well as television reflect the society. However, this is not the truth mostly. Most people today like watching movies and TV programs that ha violence within the content. Criminals learn from movies new tactics as well as tricks which they apply in murder, robbery and other harmful activities. Most young people today engage in crime as an influence of TV and movies. Another thing is that through movies, the under aged are able to access porn material easily (Mariam, 2013). It is well know that the youth can watch a lot of stuff in their bedroom TV sets. The bottom line is that as advantageous as it is, the system has a huge negative impact on individuals’ behavior too. The fact is that

Pablo Picasso Essay Example for Free

Pablo Picasso Essay Pablo Picasso is one Ð ¾f the most prominent and inspiring artists Ð ¾f the 20th century. He produced work in painting, sculpture, prints, murals, and ceramics; regardless Ð ¾f the medium, he was always in demand. During the year 1937, Picasso agreed to paint the centerpiece for The Spanish Pavilion Ð ¾f the 1937 Worlds Fair. For months Picasso was searching for inspiration for the mural, distracted by his sullen mood and dissatisfaction Ð ¾f his work, he continued to put it off. This came to an end on April 28, 1937. In less than two months, Picasso had created Guernica, modern arts most powerful antiwar statement. To fully appreciate the intensity and power Ð ¾f Guernica, it is imperative to understand the story that precedes it. The attack on Guernica was planned on a Monday, market day in the village; most Ð ¾f the population would be out in town. Church bells began to ring, warning Ð ¾f the approaching aircraft. Germanys best-equipped bombers fired more than one hundred thousand pounds Ð ¾f high explosive bombs onto the village Ð ¾f Guernica. People began to scurry into shelters only to find out that the shelters were not strong enough to withstand the powerful bombing that lasted three hours. Entire families were burned or buried in the ruins Ð ¾f the village, along with their cattle and sheep. When the fires subsided, three days later, the center Ð ¾f Guernica had been completely destroyed. The Basque government estimated that 1654 people had died and another 889 were injured during the air raid. However, the government was never able to establish an exact count, soon after the attack, nationalist forces overran Guernica. Soon after news Ð ¾f the bombing reached Paris, Picasso began his work on the mural, which would be called Guernica. Standing eleven and a half feet tall by almost twenty-six feet wide, the oil painting on an unbleached canvas is done in monochromatic harmony, using only values in the gray scale. The painting is full Ð ¾f symbolism, however, Picasso never committed to a specific explanation, leaving interpretation up to the viewer. The speculations as to the exact meanings are numerous and varied, however, it is obvious that the universal theme in Guernica, is the horrors Ð ¾f war and the massacre Ð ¾f innocent people. Towards the left Ð ¾f the painting there is a woman, screaming as she holds the body Ð ¾f an injured or possibly dead child. In front Ð ¾f her lays a lifeless soldier, a broken knife in his hand, above him a horse that has been speared in the side. On the far right there is a woman screaming in pain as she is stuck in a burning house. There is also a bull head in the upper left hand corner, that has been interpreted in many ways, for example, some people see it as a representation Ð ¾f Spain and Spanish values and culture, some believe it represents the victory Ð ¾f the Nazis, some go as far to suggest that the bull is Picasso himself, helplessly looking over the bloody massacre. A light bulb was added at the top Ð ¾f the painting above the head Ð ¾f the horse, some suggest that it was added to shed light on the atrocities Ð ¾f war; others believe it represented the bombs that were dropped that day. Picasso didnt try to recreate the war on canvas; there is no town, no airplanes, and no explosions. However, Guernica is a protest to the brutalities Ð ¾f war. Because Picasso chose to keep his meanings Ð ¾f the symbolism personal, he lets the viewer develop their own ideas and meanings. While Picasso didnt comment much on the symbolism he did reiterate on the paintings obvious anti-war statement: My whole life as an artist has been nothing more than a struggle against reaction and the death Ð ¾f art. In the picture that I am painting which I shall call Guernica I am expressing my horror Ð ¾f the military caste which is now plundering Spain into an ocean Ð ¾f misery and death Pablo Picasso. Picasso has painted the images Ð ¾f the faces in such a way that they seem to reach out and scream for help, they know that they are about to die. His work on Guernica challenges our idea and notion that war is an act Ð ¾f heroism and shows it for what it truly is a brutal act Ð ¾f self- destruction. In 1973, Pablo Picasso died at the age Ð ¾f 92. On the anniversary Ð ¾f his birth, October 25, 1981, Guernica returned to Picassos native soil. It is now showcased at The Riena Sofia, Spains national museum Ð ¾f modern art. Works Cited Fernande Olivier, Pablo Picasso, and Ramon Rentevos picture. http://www. madrid. org/museopicasso/PicassoyArias/galeria/Gpicasso01. htm Getlein, Mark. Living With Art. New York: McGraw-Hill. 2002. Penrose, Roland. The Sculpture Ð ¾f Picasso. New York Museum Ð ¾f Modern Art (1967) First edition. 232p. 260 illustrations

Detection and Classification of Leukaemia Cells

Detection and Classification of Leukaemia Cells Leukemia is one of the many types of cancers. Leukemia is caused in the white blood cells near the bone marrow region of our body. In this the WBCs which get infected turns blue. Like any other cancer in this also the cell divides itself at the faster pace. Most human cancers are characterized by the aberrant expression of normal and/or mutated genes, and natural selection acts on cancer cells to cause a loss of growth control, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. Even when it is not required they multiply causing a tumor. Detected and treated at an early stage of leukemia saves a lot of lives. The aim of this research is to automate the detection of leukemia cells. In the scientific language, the leukemia cells are known as the blast cells. There are two types of acute leukemia, Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) and Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML). This thesis focuses on Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL). Generally, the process of detection and classification is done manually taki ng up to five days. The motivation behind this research is to improve the diagnostic process by automating it and reducing its time span to five days to few hours. Nowadays, medical imaging is one of the fastest growing fields in medicine, clinical settings and research and development (RD). Image processing in medical field is becoming a subject of prime focus due to its tremendous potential for the public health sector and the scientific community in general. In particular, imaging applications are emerging as a new opportunity as an innovation at the meeting point between medicine and the computer science. Many software and research groups focus on the development of image processing applications for medical images, for example to improve low resolution photographic images and produce effective high quality images. There is no terrifying disease than cancer nowadays. It is often seen as untreatable, un curable and a very painful disease. Leukemia detection helps in detecting blood cancer using two basic modules of image processing i.e. Image segmentation and feature extraction. After these two modules, we use two techniques of neural network i.e. feed forward network and RBFNN for the detection purposes. We compare the accuracy percentage in both of them. The technique with best accuracy percentage is recorded as the more efficient technique. More than 310,000 Americans are living with leukemia. Every day 143 Americansare detectedwith leukemia and 66 lose the fight. [23] A brief overview of leukemia and a conceptual analysis of the main methods used for the detection and classification of leukemia cells facilitating Artificial Intelligence, Cellular Automata and Neural Networks are discussed below. Cancer has become a data-intensive range of investigation, with growing amount of changes in data collection technologies and methodologies. In 1895, Wilhelm Roentgen discovered that X-ray tubes, utilized widely for imaging bones and then for giving a variety of circumstances. The technicians who ran the radiograph machines and many exposed patients were found with skin tumors and leukemia. Accurate diagnosis and sorting of blast cells is an tremendously valuable necessity for the detailed diagnosis of leukemia and has a optimistic impact on treatment and prognosis. BLOOD Blood is important part of human life. An average human body is around 70 liters of liquid from which five liters is blood. Biologically, blood is vital for preserving homeostasis that is keeping the body’s position stable. This discusses to hydration, temperature regulation and ion concentration. a) Transfer of nutrients from the digestive system to wholly parts of the body. b) Transportation of oxygen from the lungs to all parts of a body. c) Transportation of carbon dioxide from all parts of the body to the lungs. d) Transportation of waste products from cells to the external environment, especially via the kidneys. e) Keeping an ongoing discussion of it is mechanisms with tissue fluids and keeping electrolyte balance. f) Defending the body against attack from foreign viruses through the white blood cells and antibodies. g) Shielding the body against injury or illness using the provocative response. h) Preventing serious hemorrhage by the clotting process. Blood has four main fundamentals to ensure it fulfills its functions, shown in Table 1.1 Table 1.1 (a): Major elements of Blood (Red blood cells, White blood cells, Platelets). Table 1.1(b): Major elements of Blood (Plasma). 1.1.2 WHITE BLOOD CELLS A white blood cell is superior to a red blood cell. White blood cell arrangement and concentration in the blood gives appreciated information and plays a crucial role in the diagnosis of different diseases. White blood cells fall into five categories: Neutrophil, Eosinophil, Basophil, Monocyte and Lymphocyte, shown in the Table 1.2. These cells afford the greatest defense against infections, and their discrete concentrations can help authorities to distinguish between the presences or not of severe pathologies. Types of blood cells are discussed in the following table Table 1.2 : White Blood Cells (Neutrophil, Eosinophil, Basophil, monocyte, lymphocyte) 1.1.3 TYPES OF LEUKEMIA Leukemia is a sickness of unidentified cause where the bone marrow produces huge numbers of irregular cells white blood cells that stop increasing before maturity. There are four main types of leukemia, namely Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL), Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML), which is used as a case study in the thesis, Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) and Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML). Most commonly, acute leukemia patients are discussed to specialist units for evaluation. Treatment is based on chemotherapy through the veins, lasting four to six months, which also kills normal body cells. Leukemia can be identified by blood tests while a bone marrow test assists to choose on the best choice of treatment. Table 1.3 includes the types of main leukemia. Table 1.3 : Types of Leukemia Table below shows the UK Leukemia case statistics for males and females in 2007, revealing that the survival rate has increased from 2001 to 2006. The diagnosis and the medical treatment have improved significantly as shown in Figure 2.1. Automated detecting can contribute to the early diagnosis of patients and survival rates are expected to increase in the future. Table 1.4: Leukemia cases in UK for 2007 Figure 1.1: Leukemia 10-year relative survival rates 1.1.4 FLOW CHART OF THE PEOPLE ADMITTED IN THE HOSPITAL Figure 1.2 shows the steps that are essential to be taken by a hematologist in order to identify a patient with acute leukemia. Table 1.5 provides a more thorough explanation of the individual steps in Figure 1.2 NO YES NOYES Table 1.5 : Analytical description of each step in Figure 1.2

The Use of Flashback in Kenneth Branaghs Henry V Essay -- Film, Movie

The Use of Flashback in Kenneth Branagh's Henry V Â   In Kenneth Branagh's film adaptation of William Shakespeare's Henry V flashback is used at key moments to comment on the action and to explain points in Henry's past, and how that past effects his present judgment. Certain scenes and lines are borrowed from parts one and two of Shakespeare's Henry IV to do this. The result is an amalgam of scenes, lines, and characters which brings about a telling expose of Henry V, and the man he was before becoming king of England. Flashback is used in this adaptation directly, to establish key points and players in Henry's life, as well as in a less direct manner, coming through in his current actions, to show his sovereignty, what that means to him and why. The initial flashback scene displays a memory of Pistol's concerning Sir John Falstaff (portrayed by actor Robbie Coltrane). The flashback occurs while Falstaff is on his deathbed, and his remaining friends lament his impending loss. Branagh gives Pistol a line of Falstaff's, describing Falstaff in his own words as "A goodly, portly man, in faith," (1 Henry IV. II. iv. 421), apparently to establish Falstaff as the well loved character he seems to be in the Branagh film. Falstaff is shown as the jolly jester in this flashback, and not at all as the dangerous, mischief making deceiver he is in the texts, themselves. Branagh focuses on the pathos of Falstaff, to display his rejection as an unfortunate one. It is in this flashback that the audience sees the Machiavellian seeds being sewn in Prince Hal's personality as he shows his willingness to banish "valiant Jack Falstaff", however it is not shown where these seeds came from. Falstaff advises his young friend not to banish him f... ...am Shakespeare's Henry V, Branagh uses flashback in more than one way to retell the classic story of King Henry V. Both in actual, and implied flashback Branagh shows the true character of Henry, along with what makes him the king that he is and what gets him to this point in his life. The byproducts of the humanization of Falstaff, and the vilification of Bardolph, coupled with the unique look at Henry's image of his father gives the audience a very different look at this life story, but one which is nonetheless accurate, and entertaining. Works Cited Henry V. Dir. Kenneth Branagh. The Samuel Goldwyn Company, 1989. Kliman, Bernice W. "Branagh's Henry V: Allusion and Illusion." Shakespeare on Film Newsletter. 14.1 (Dec. 1989): 1+. Shaw, William P. "Textual Ambiguities and Cinematic Certainties in Henry V." Literature Film Quarterly. 22.2 (1994): 117-28.

Australias Aboriginal Roots Essay -- Australia History Essays

Australia's Aboriginal Roots Any educated American student knows that Christopher Columbus sailed the ocean blue in 1492 and founded America. Only later do they learn that America already had an indigenous population that Columbus, by his own error, named Indians. Pre-existing populations were forced off of their lands and placed on reservations, effectively changing – and in many cases destroying – life and culture as they knew it. This kind of history is not exclusive only to America. Even fewer people know of the pending extinction of the indigenous culture in Australia – the Aborigines. The undisturbed Aboriginal people, by today’s standards, would be classified as â€Å"primitives.† In fact, during the early periods of modernization in Australia that is exactly what they were known as. Primarily a hunting and gathering society, the traditional Aborigine male would hunt game while the female would scavenge for virtually everything else. Some historical references credit the female gender for finding most of the food for the tribal society. Then, in 1770, English explorer James Cook â€Å"discovered† Australia in a very similar fashion as Columbus â€Å"discovered† America, looking for trade routes.2 16 years after Cook became aware of the continent, the British government decided to begin colonizing Australia with transport convicts that were no longer being accepted in America due to the Revolutionary War. Although the government claimed its directive to establish a convict colony in Botany Bay was purely a response to the loss of the American colonies, many had already begun to speculate the strategic choice of Australia. The natural resources in Australia held great potential, and as more people – not just convicts – began... ...ferences 1.Moore, Geoff (Ed.). â€Å"Australian Aborigines: History, Culture, Research Project.† http://www.aaa.com.au/hrh/aboriginal/factshtindex.shtml. Accessed 12/11/2000, Online. 2.Sullivan, Rohan (AP Writer). â€Å"Where the Outback Meets the Reef.† USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/life/travel/leisure/2000/ltl093.htm. Updated 7/17/2000, Online. 3.Litke, Mark (ABC News Writer). â€Å"The Stolen Generation.† ABC News.com http://more.abcnews.go.com/sections/world/dailynews/australia000914.html. Updated 9/14/2000, Online. 4.Somma, Richard (AP Writer). â€Å"Report Outrages Aboriginal Groups.† L.A. Times Online. http://www.latimes.com/business/microsoft/20000401/tCBTOPAP.html. Updated 4/1/2000, Online. 5.Taylor, John (ATSIC Researcher). â€Å"The Job Still Ahead: Economic Costs of Continuing Indigenous Employment Disparity.† ATSIC. Commonwealth of Australia, September 1998.

Is It Important to Question the Ideas and Decisions of People in Positions of Authority? Essay

Is it important to question the ideas and decisions of people in positions of authority? I believe it is. While rules are meant to be followed, there should always be a reason behind that rule. There are instances where the rule is deemed by society as â€Å"unfair† or â€Å"bias.† There are other instances where the rules can be detrimental to the people following them. Let’s take a trip back to the 60’s. Remember Rosa Parks? She was arrested for refusing to give up her seat. Remember Ruby Bridges? She, a black child, was tormented because she attened an Elementary school for white students only. Now these may seem like trivial things, but if these two, along with many other Civil Rights Activists never challenged authority, segregation in the United States may have continued up to this day. When thinking about rules that can be detrimental to society, I can’t help but remember two books that represent this idea perfectly: Battle Royale, and The Hunger Games. In both books, The government forces civilians to fight to the death in an arena, and only one contestant may live. In both books, more than one contestant broke the rules and survived the game. Had they followed the rules and â€Å"played the game†, one can only imagine the physical and mental injuries they would have endured. Disobeying authority and rebelling actually saved their lives, along with many other potentially endangered lives as well. I do believe that rules are meant to be followed, but I also believe that there should always be a reason behind them. I always question authority if I think that its decisions and intentions aren’t beneficial to me – whether those decisions or intentions are trivial or extreme.

Islam is one of the world’s greatest religions Essay

I. Introduction. Founded in the seventh century A. D. by Mohammed. The word Islam means â€Å"submission† (to the will of God). Followers of Islam are called Moslems or Muslims, terms that mean â€Å"those who submit† (to the will of God). Non-Moslems sometimes call the religion Mohammedanism and its followers Mohammedans. Moslems, however, dislike these terms because they imply the worship of Mohammed, their prophet, rather than God. There are more than a billion Moslems worldwide, making up about one-eighth of the earth’s population. Islam began in Arabia in the seventh century A. D. and spread rapidly to become the principal religion of northern Africa and western Asia. It also extends into the Balkans and across Pakistan and Bangladesh to Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines. It has extended into sub-Saharan Africa: Sudan, Niger, Nigeria, Burkina Faso, and Mauritania. Islam is the fastest-growing religion in Africa. The Moslem population in the United States consists mostly of immigrants from Pakistan, Iran, and Arab countries. There are also a number of Islamic sects among the country’s black population (Endress, 1999). II. Background A. How is it founded and who is the founder? The beginnings of Islam go back to Mohammed’s preaching in his native Mecca. However, the faith did not become fully developed until he moved to Medina (until then called Yathrib) in 662 A. D. His migration to medina, called the Hegira, begins the Moslem calendar. Mohammed’s early successors—especially Omar, the second caliph—expanded Islam through conquest. The Moslem warriors believed that if they died for Islam they would automatically go to heaven. This belief, plus the promise land and loot, spurred the Moslem armies on to conquer the Middle East, North Africa, and Spain. They almost overran southwestern Europe under Charles Martel at the Battle of Tours (732) (Ahmed, 2002). a) Early Conflicts During the period of conquest, bitter theological and political dissension developed among the Moslems. In the selection of early caliphs (successors to Mohammed as rulers of the Moslem world), Ali, son-in-law of Mohammed, was bypassed (6 Ruthven, 2000). The third caliph, a member of the Omayya (Umayya) family, was murdered by malcontents in 656, and Ali was elected to succeed him. Muawiyah, the Omayyad governor of Syria, refused to recognize Ali as caliph. When Ali was murdered in 661 by a member of a dissident sect, Muawiyah succeeded him, moved the Moslem capital from Median to Damascus, and made the caliphate hereditary in the Omayya family. Military force was required to establish the new caliph’s political authority. Spiritually, most Moslems never accepted him (Roberts, 2002). The followers of Ali formed a new branch of Islam—the Shiite, as opposed to the Sunnite, or orthodox, branch. Smaller groups continued to break away from orthodox teaching, also, and there was increasing schism in the Moslem world. b) Changing Patterns In the eight century a secret revolutionary movement against the Omayyad dynasty was led by the Abbasids, descendants of Abbas, Mohammed’s uncle. The movement began in Mesopotamia and spread east through Persia. In 747 open revolt began, and in 750 the Omayyad dynasty was overthrown and the Abbasids assumed power. The most significant aspect of the Abbasid caliphate was the Persian influence. The new capital, Baghdad, developed into a major cultural as well as political center (Roberts, 2002). The sciences and philosophy of the Greeks and Persians were translated into Arabic and spread throughout the Moslem world, setting of a surge of intellectual activity such as had not been seen since the days of ancient Greece. During the rule of the Abbasids the Moslem world lost its political unit, as first Spain and then the North African countries set up caliphates independent in Baghdad. In the ninth century there were new Moslem conquests in Europe—Sardinia, Malta, Sicily, and regions of southern Italy. The Christians regained all European territory, however, before the 14th century (Friedmann, 2003). III. Discussion What are the beliefs and doctrines of Islam? Enumerate. A. Beliefs and Doctrine a) God Moslems worship one God, called Allah (Arabic for â€Å"The God†). The believe Allah stands alone, has an absolute will, and controls all of man’s actions. In most other respects, however, he resembles the Christian and Jewish God. †¢ Apostles. According to Islamic doctrine, God gave certain men the power to communicate with him through his angels. The function of these men was to guide other mortals to Salvation. The greatest of these prophets were Adam, Noah, the house of Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and Mohammed. Moslems accept the miracles and virgin birth of Jesus, but deny his divinity and resurrection. They do not attribute superhuman or miraculous powers to Mohammed, but simply consider him to be the last (and hence the most authoritative) of all the prophets (Nasr, 1999). †¢ Koran The Koran is the basic source of Islamic law and ritual. Moslems believe it was dictated to Mohammed by God, through the angel Gabriel. †¢ The Hadith The Koran is supplemented by the Hadith (tradition), consisting of the Ahadis (sayings) and Sunna (practice) of Mohammed. The Hadith was handed down orally for more than 200 years before being written down. It and the Koran are the sources of Islamic law. â€Å"Sunna† in a larger sense means the theory and practice of orthodox Islam, as based on the Koran and the Hadith. Further opinions and practices accepted by the highest Islamic learned men become articles of faith known as ijma (agreement) (Nasr, 1999). †¢ Angels The Islamic concept of angels is almost identical with the Christian belief that angels are God’s messengers, his link with mortal man. †¢ Last Judgment Like Christians, Moslems believe in a Judgment Day, when righteousness will be rewarded and wickedness will be punished. The Koran’s description of Judgment Day is generally similar to the Bible’s, although the details differ (Nasr, 1999). B. Is there any religious obligations in Islam? a. ) Obligations A Moslem has five religious obligations, called the â€Å"Five Pillars. † They are: †¢ Profession of Faith. A Moslem’s most essential obligation is the repetition of this creed: â€Å"There is no God but Allah; Mohammed is His prophet. † †¢ Prayer Prayers must be said five times each day. They may be said either privately or at the mosque. In public worship, men and women are usually separated. A worshiper precedes prayer with a ritual washing. He then faces the holy city of Mecca and follows a fixed ritual of recitation and prostration. On Fridays, a worship service at the mosque is required. Besides the ritual prayers, the service includes a reading from the Koran and a sermon (Lippman, 2002). †¢ Almsgiving Moslems are expected to contribute generously to their religion. The money is used to maintain the mosques and to help the poor. †¢ Fasting Moslems cannot eat or drink during the daylight hours of Ramadan, the ninth month of their lunar year. †¢ Pilgrimage Once in his lifetime, every Moslem who is financially and physically able must travel to Mecca. This pilgrimage is called the hajj, or hadj. A Moslem who has made it is a hajji. The pilgrim participates in a number of observances: 1) Circling the Kaaba It is the pilgrim’s first and last act. The Kaaba is a sacred structure in one corner of which is embedded the Black Stone, a meteorite that fell in ancient times and acquired symbolic significance. The pilgrim circles this structure seven times, kissing the Black Stone each time (Lippman, 2002). 2) The Running It consists of trotting seven times between two low hills on opposite sides of Mecca. This act represents a search for water by Hagar, mother of Ishmael, whose story from the Old Testament was adopted as part of Moslem tradition (Lippman, 2002). 3) The Standing The Standing at the Plain of Arafat, 25 miles (40 km) east of Mecca, consists of a day of meditating and praying, facing Mecca. 4) Stoning the Pillars at Mina Stoning the Pillars at Mina, 5 miles (8 km) east of Mecca, is an act in which pilgrims throw seven stones at pillars, symbolically attacking the devil. 5) Feast of Sacrifice Feast of Sacrifice consists of the slaughtering of an animal by pilgrims who can afford to as a thanksgiving to Allah. a) Religious War Some Moslems consider it an obligation to spread Islam by force, or holy war (jihad). This belief is not specifically stated in the Koran. b) What is an Islamic Law? The basic ethical code of Islam comes from the Koran. The most important rule is that all Moslems are bothers. The Koran encourages charity, authorizes slavery, and prohibits wine, gambling, and the eating of pork. A Moslem may have as many as four wives, and divorce is permitted. Divorce is effected by the husband telling his wife three times â€Å"I divorce thee. † The Koran does not provide a political structure for Islam and Mohammed did not reveal how the religion should be organized after his death. His close associates elected a successor, called a caliph, to take his place as a leader—but not as a prophet. This system was called the caliphate and survived until 1924. At the present time, there is no universal Moslem leader (Lippman, 2002). C. What are the Sects of Islam? There are two great divisions of Islam—the Sunnites (traditionalists) and the Shiites (legitimists). The Sunnites are the orthodox Moslems and are in the majority. The Shiites believe that Ali, Mohammed’s son-in-law and the fourth caliph, had divine powers. They claim that he was the first legitimate caliph and that his heirs, also divinely inspired, were the rightful rulers of Islam. These rulers are called imams (Klein, 2005). The Shiites broke off from orthodox Islam beginning about 679 and soon divided into a number of sects. The Imami, or Twelvers, recognize a continuing series of purely secular imams. Another sect, the Ismailis, or Seveners, recognize the same first six imams as the other sects and a seventh not recognized by the others. Historically there have been numerous extreme offshoots of the Ismailis, including the notorious Assassins. The only important group to break off from the Sunnites in modern times is the Wahhabis, who have attempted to rid the faith of what they consider corruptions. The movement began in Arabia in the 1970’s and was marked by a series of bloody wars during the 19th century. The Wahhabis have ruled Saudi Arabia since the 1920’s (Klein, 2005). IV. Conclusion Islam is a severe but simple religion. Moslems consider it to be an extension of Christianity and Judaism, but they believe the Christian Trinity is blasphemy and deny the divinity of Jesus. There is no ordained ministry or priesthood, although there are religious teachers, called ulama, or mullahs, and religious orders consisting of sufis (mystics) called dervishes. Islam’s holy book is the Koran (or Qur’an). References 1. Ahmed, Akbar S. (2002). Discovering Islam: Making Sense of Muslim History and Society. Routledge. London. 2. Endress, Gerhard. An Introduction to Islamic History (Edinburgh University, 1999). 3. Friedmann, Yohanan (2003). Tolerance and Coercion in Islam: Interfaith Relations in the Muslim Tradition. Cambridge University Press. New York. 4. Lippman, T. W. Understanding Islam: an Introduction to the Moslem World (New American Library, 2002). 5. Klein, F. A. The Religion of Islam. London: Curzon, 2005. Reprint of classic study, first published, 1996. 6. Nasr, Seyyed Hossein. Ideals and Realities of Islam. London: Allen & Unwin, 1999. Standard textbook. 7. Roberts, D. S. Islam: a Concise Introduction. New York: Harper & Row, 2002. Accessible information on varied aspects of the Islamic world. 8. Ruthven, Malise (2000). Islam in the World. Oxford University Press. Oxford.